Operating systems (OS)

Operating systems (OS)

Operating systems (OS) are the core software that manage and coordinate all the functions of a computer, acting as a bridge between hardware and software. They enable users to interact with their devices and control applications efficiently. Operating systems handle tasks like memory management, file storage, and input/output operations, allowing different programs to run smoothly on the same machine. They come in various types, including batch, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, multitasking, time-sharing, distributed, network, and real-time systems. Each type serves different purposes, such as enabling multiple users to share a system simultaneously, running several programs concurrently, or handling time-sensitive tasks. Whether it’s a desktop, server, or mobile device, an operating system plays a critical role in ensuring the seamless operation of hardware and software, making it an essential part of modern computing.

What Is Operating Systems?

Operating systems (OS) are the backbone of modern computing. It acts as a bridge between hardware and software. The operating system is the software that coordinates and directs all the services and applications the user uses on a computer, which is why it is the most fundamental. These programs allow and regulate the most basic aspects of the system. The operating system is the basic operating protocol of the computer, which coordinates all its other communications, processing, and user interface functions.

Types of Operating System

There are several types of operating systems in the realm of computing.

Batch Operating System
Multi-Programming System
Multi-Processing System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Time-Sharing Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Network Operating System
Real-Time Operating System

Batch Operating System:

A batch Operating System is an operating system that manages and executes jobs in batches without user interaction. In this process, similar tasks with the same requirements are grouped into batches. the operating system processes these batches sequentially. It does not require user input to batch the tasks. Batch Operating System minimises the idle time and maximises the efficiency of computing resources such as the CPU, etc. They were used in the early mainframe computers.

Multiple users can share this operating system.
Very little idle time
Easy to manage large work
Improve overall system performance

Multi-Programming System:

Multiprogramming System is a type of operating system which allows multiple programs to run concurrently in the computer. In this system, it keeps programs in the memory simultaneously and switches between them to effectively use the CPU time. While one program waits for I/O operations, the CPU can execute another program, which reduces the idle time of the CPU and manages the work itself. Multi-programming systems enhance system throughput by overlapping the execution of multiple tasks.

Improve overall system performance
increases the Throughput of the System
Reduce the Response Time
Less idle time in the CPU

Multi-Processing System:

Multi-Processing System is an operating system that allows multiple processors or CPU cores to execute tasks simultaneously. More than one CPU is used to execute the resource. It increases the system’s performance and throughput. In this system, several tasks are divided into the available processors and allowed to be processed concurrently. This parallel processing makes the execution of tasks faster and better utilisation of hardware resources. Multiprocessing systems can range from symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems to asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) systems.

Increase the throughput of the system
Multiple processors, so if one process fails, the result executes from another.
Highly used in modern desktop and mobile devices

Multi-Tasking Operating System:

Multi-Tasking Operating System is a type of system that runs multiple tasks or processes to run concurrently on a single CPU. It is an advanced type of operating system that rapidly switches between tasks and gives results quickly. Such systems manage the CPU’s execution time efficiently, allocating slices of CPU time to each task in a manner that balances system responsiveness and resource utilisation. There are two main types of multitasking: preemptive multitasking and cooperative multitasking.

Multiple programs run simultaneously
Rapid execution of the program
Proper Memory Management

Time-Sharing Operating System:

Time-Sharing Operating System is an operating system that allows multiple users to interact with a computer system simultaneously by sharing its resources like CPU, memory, etc. It also switches rapidly between user tasks and provides each user with an illusion of having exclusive access to the system. In a time-sharing system, each user is allocated a small time slice or quantum during which their tasks are executed. The operating system employs scheduling algorithms to determine the order and duration of time slices for each user.

Fair and efficient resource utilisation
Reduce the cost of computer resources.
Less chances of software duplication.
Less CPU Idle time

Distributed Operating System:

A Distributed Operating System is a system that runs on a network of interconnected computers and coordinates their resources to provide a unified computing environment. It is an advanced system, not like a traditional operating system. It manages resources within a single computer by distributing operating systems in the resources and tasks across multiple nodes in a network. It allows seamless resource sharing, communication, and coordination among various nodes. Each node operates autonomously.

Resources and systems are independent of each other
Better data exchange speed
Very fast and durable
Reduce delays in the data processing

Network Operating System:

Network Operating System is a type of system that manages and coordinates resources within a computer network. It supports communication and resource sharing among multiple devices, such as computers, servers, printers, and storage devices, connected via a small private network. All the users of the network operating system are aware of the underlying configuration. It is also known as tightly coupled systems. NOS provides mechanisms for user authentication and access control to network resources.

Highly stable centralised servers
Secure for a small private company
New resources and technology are easily integrated.
Few resources can be used by many systems.

Real-Time Operating System:

Real-Time Operating System is a specialised system that fulfils stringent timing requirements in real-time applications. It is not like a traditional operating system which prioritises throughput and general-purpose computing. It prioritises predictability and responsiveness to events, meaning its mechanism is based on priority-based scheduling, deterministic task management, and minimal interrupt latency. Its response time is very low. Such operating systems process and respond to inputs in very small amounts of time. There are types of real-time operating systems like Hard Real-Time System and Soft Real-Time System.